Kinetic Theory .~.

States of Matter and Kinetic Theory

-Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass.

-Matter is made up of particles (atoms, molecules or ions)

-It exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas

The properties and differences between the three states

Property	Solid	Liquid	Gas
Shape	fixed	Not fixed	Not fixed
Volume	fixed	fixed	Not fixed
Compressibility (can it be compressed?)	✖	✖	✔
Density (relative)	High	Medium	Low

Matter can be converted from one state to another. The processes associated with changes of state are shown below ⬇

Gas → Condensation → Liquid

Gas ← Evaporation ← Liquid

Solid→ Freezing → Liquid

Solid ← Melting ← Liquid

Gas  → Solidification → Solid

Gas ← Sublimation ← Solid

The Kinetic Theory explains the changes that occur when matter changes state.. Generally, heating causes particles to gain kinetic energy and move about rapidly. The movement can be rotational, vibrational or even translational in nature. 

DIFFUSION :o

Diffusion has a few meanings.

• The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.  
• The spontaneous net movement of particles down their concentration gradient (i.e. difference in the concentrations of substances or molecules between two areas).
• (Cell biology): a type of passive transport, therefore, it is a net movement of molecules in and out of the cell across the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. 

Here's a picture that might help you guys to understand Diffusion better ^^
Reference : http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Diffusion
Picture Credits go to owner :)

Separation Techniques (:

So there are basically FOUR separation techniques. The 4 are Crystallization, Chromatography, Filtration and Distillation (: Posting the notes I took in class x)


      Crystallization 

• Making a substance PURE
• Solution should be Saturated [Definition of "Saturated Solution": Solution in which no more solute will dissolve. ]
• Change of a state of substance from LIQUID to SOLID

      Chromatography

• To separate a mixture
• To find out the number of components
• Depends on the solubility of compounds/substances in a solvent

     Filtration

• Differentiate between differently-sized substances 
• The process of separating suspended particles from the fluid through a porous material in which the fluid can pass while the suspended particles are retained 
• Depends on the size of the substances. 

    Distillation

• The separation of a liquid mixture into its components on the basis of differences in boiling points. 
• Depends on the boiling point of substances. 

eLements, compounds and mixtures (:

I know I havent posted for a suuuuper long time x( Sorry :P I'll have one last post about elements, compounds and mixtures (: just to clarify what these 3 are :D [over usage of emoticons sorry :/ ] After this, I'll go onto the chapter of Separation Techniques~ ^^


ELEMENTS - A substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons - i.e. the same atomic number. Elements are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down further using chemical methods. Elements can only be changed into other elements using nuclear methods.


COMPOUNDS - A substance formed by the reaction of two or more chemical elements. The elements in a compound are present in fixed ratios. For example pure water is a compound made from two elements - hydrogen and oxygen. The fixed ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is 2:1. Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom. Compounds can be decomposed chemically into their constituent elements.


MIXTURES - Composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its original properties. 


All Clear? :)

Reference : http://www.chemicool.com/ 

Yet another list of metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table ^_^

Ahhh I found another list x)


NON METALS:

Argon, Astatine, Bromine, Carbon, Chlorine, Fluorine, Helium, Hydrogen, Iodine, Krypton, Neon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Radon, Selenium, Sulfur and Xenon are the non-metal elements within the periodic table. Non-metals are either liquid or gas at room temperature, they have low electrical conductivity and have high melting and boiling points. Non-metals oxides are acidic.

METALS:

Hydrogen usually a metal but considered as nonmetal 
Lithium 
Sodium 
Potassium 
Rubidium 
Cesium 
Francium
Beryllium 
Magnesium 
Calcium 
Strontium 
Barium 
Radium 
Aluminum 
Gallium 
Indium 
Tin 
Thallium 
Lead 
Bismuth 
Element 113 - Ununtrium - will probably be a basic metal. 
Element 114 - Ununquadium - will probably be a basic metal. 
Element 115 - Ununpentium - will probably be a basic metal. 
Element 116 - Ununhexium - will probably be a basic metal. 
Scandium 
Titanium 
Vanadium 
Chromium 
Manganese 
Iron 
Cobalt 
Nickel 
Copper 
Zinc 
Yttrium 
Zirconium 
Niobium 
Molybdenum 
Technetium 
Ruthenium 
Rhodium 
Palladium 
Silver 
Cadmium 
Lanthanum 
Hafnium 
Tantalum 
Tungsten 
Rhenium 
Osmium 
Iridium 
Platinum 
Gold 
Mercury 
Actinium 
Rutherfordium 
Dubnium 
Seaborgium 
Bohrium 
Hassium 
Meitnerium 
Darmstadtium 
Roentgenium 
Element 112 - Ununbium - Presumably will be a transition metal. 
Cerium 
Praseodymium 
Neodymium 
Promethium 
Samarium 
Europium 
Gadolinium 
Terbium 
Dysprosium 
Holmium 
Erbium 
Thulium 
Ytterbium 
Lutetium 
Thorium 
Protactinium 
Uranium 
Neptunium 
Plutonium 
Americium 
Curium 
Berkelium 
Californium 
Einsteinium 
Fermium 
Mendelevium 
Nobelium 
Lawrencium


Referance : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/List_of_metals_and_non-metals#ixzz1zRApZSLo

Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids in the Periodic Table

Metals in the Periodic Table


Hydrogen in its metallic state (usually considered a nonmetal)
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Cesium
Francium
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Radium
Aluminum
Gallium
Indium
Tin
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Element 113 - Ununtrium - will probably be a basic metal.
Element 114 - Ununquadium - will probably be a basic metal.
Element 115 - Ununpentium - will probably be a basic metal.
Element 116 - Ununhexium - will probably be a basic metal.
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Actinium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Element 112 - Ununbium - Presumably will be a transition metal.
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium

Non Metals in the Periodic Table

Hydrogen 

Carbon 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 

Phosphorus 

Sulfur 

Selenium

Metalloids in the Periodic table

Boron

Silicon

Germanium

Arsenic

Antimony

Tellurium

Polonium

Groups in the Periodic Table

http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/blgroups.htm <<< This link has all the various groups in the Periodic Table ^^ You can check it out if you're curious~ ^^

The Periodic Table

The periodic table is a table of the chemical elements in which the elements are arranged by order of atomic number in such a way that the periodic properties (chemical periodicity) of the elements are made clear. The standard form of the table includes periods (usually horizontal in the periodic table) and groups (usually vertical). Elements in groups have some similar properties to each other. There is no one single or best structure for the periodic table but by whatever consensus there is, the form used here is very useful. The periodic table is a masterpiece of organised chemical information. The evolution of chemistry's periodic table into the current form is an astonishing achievement with major contributions from many famous chemists and other eminent scientists. 
And here's a picture of the periodic table (: Is it too blur? :P 

REFERANCE : http://www.webelements.com/ (:

some MORE elements! How exciting :D

Basically this is the collated info from my group :)
Do note : BP = Boiling Point, MP = Melting Point


Nitrogen
BP = -196 ºC
MP = -210 ºC
Non Metallic, Colourless, Odourless and Tasteless

Oxygen
BP= -183 ºC
MP= -210 ºC
Non Metallic, Colourless, Odourless and Tasteless


Beryllium

BP= 2970 ºC
MP= 1278 ºC
Metallic, Steel-Grey, Lightweight and Brittle alkaline earth metal


Tin
BP= 2602 ºC

MP= 231.93 ºC
Metallic, Shiny, Silver, White, Fairly light and soft


Potassium
BP= 1032 ºC

MP= 336.5 ºC
Metallic, Electricity & Heat well, not hard, soft silvery white alkali metal


Aluminium

BP= 2519 ºC
MP= 660.32 ªC
Metallic, Relatively Soft, Conducts Heat & Electricity well, Lightweight

eLement - Fluorine :D

FLUORINE
Halogen, a non metallic element that forms strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen, from which simple salts can be made (:
Melting Point : -219.6 ºC
Boiling Point : -188 ºC
Physical Attributes 

• Usually looks Yellow-Green but it is actually pale-yellow 
• It is crystal-like in its solid form
• It has a strong an characteristic odour that can be detected in very small amount

Physical Properties

• Electronegativity
• Reacts at room temperature
• Reacts with other gases
• Properties will depend on its concentration and temperature

Credit : Owner (because I kind of forgot where I got this info from...) T.T


And here's a picture of Fluorine in its solidified form :3

:D

eLements (x (:

Definition of Element : Pure substances that cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by chemical processed or by electricity.

Examples : Sugar, Water ≠ Element (because they can be broken down to water + carbon and hydrogen + oxygen respectively) However, the last 4 ARE elements because they cannot be furthar broken down.

• Chemicals use chemical symbols to represent elements. 
• Elements -> 2 Groups -> Metals/Non-Metals
• Some elements have properties of both metal and non-metals, though.
• The atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of an element.
• Not all elements exist as atoms.
• Metals exist as atoms in a giant structure. Most non-metals exist as molecules. 
• A molecule is made up of 2 or MORE atoms that are chemically combined.
• Molecules that are formed by 2 atoms -> Diatomic Molecules
• Molecules that are formed by 4 or more atoms -> Polyatomic Molecule 

Referance : G.C.E 'O' Level Chemistry Matters Textbook Pages 59-63

A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess.

Proton =  A proton is a component of an atomic nucleus with a mass defined as 1 and a charge of +1. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom. The H⁺ ion.

Valence =  Valence is typically, the number of electrons needed to fill the outermost shell of an atom. 

Electron = negatively charged component of an atom. Electrons exist outside of and surrounding the atom nucleus. Each electron carries one unit of negative charge and has a very small mass as compared with that of a neutron or proton.

Neutron = The neutron is the particle in the atomic nucleus with a mass = 1 and charge = 0.

Atom = An atom is the defining structure of an element, which cannot be broken by any chemical means. A typical atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons orbiting this nucleus. 

Molecule = a molecule refers to two or more atoms which have chemically combined to form a single species.

Referances : 

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/elementdef.htm 

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/protondef.htm

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/moleculedef.htm

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/neutrondef.htm

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/atomdefinition.htm

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/electrondef.htm

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/valencedef.htm

Hey Everybody~~~ ^^

Hey everyone reading this blog [i dont think anyone is but lets be optimistic okay?] ^~^ This is my first post here. Sooo...I'll just say...Enjoy my blog if you love Chemistry! [Which I dont because I'm not really a Science person :P Im more of a language person haha] Anyways, I'll try to make this blog as-not-boring-as-possible xD Hope you follow meeeee :D wait...why would you follow a Chemistry blog LOL xD *throws cookies* oh and... (: